EPPO STANDARD ON EFFICACY EVALUATION OF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS

•

Product

: Mode of action, timing, frequency and

method of application, activity (preventative or cu-

rative treatment), systemic or non-systemic, formula-

tion, dose and extent of publicly available data.

•

Agronomic factors

: Growing conditions (field or pro-

tected) and cultivation techniques, growing systems,

soil type (particularly for soil treatments). Generally,

controlled conditions are considered less challeng-

ing than field situations, particularly for foliar

applications.

Appendix

(Figure

) presents a scheme to be

followed for major use extrapolations of fungicide

effectiveness.

2.3

Specific effectiveness extrapolations for

insecticides or acaricides

Extrapolating from the same pest species within the

same crop groups is the most appropriate approach but

it may also be possible to extend extrapolation of the

same species to other similar crop groups. However the

latter will require that further consideration be given

to crop agronomy and pest/crop interrelationships, for

example if damage to the crop(s) is being caused by the

same life stage (e.g. adult beetle feeding on foliage or lar-

vae burrowing into plant stem).

Extrapolation to closely related pest species within a

crop group can also be considered, but depends on the

similarity of many crop/pest factors. This can include

similar:

•

pest behaviour,

•

life stage at timing where control measures are

required,

•

feeding mechanisms

•

types of damage that occur on the crops at similar

timings and

•

crop agronomy.

Extrapolation to pest species with different biol-

ogy and/or behaviour, in the same crop, or other crop

groups, is not recommended.

The factors listed below are relevant when consider-

ing the extrapolation of insecticides or acaricides use be-

tween different pests or different crops:

•

Crop

: Crop morphology, botanical family, cropping

systems and growth pattern. It should be noted that

closely related crop species may still differ signifi-

cantly in growth pattern, leaf surface or harvested

plant parts.

•

Pest

: Taxonomic relationship, biology, life cycle, be-

haviour, plant parts attacked and damage caused.

Closely related pest species may differ significantly,

and a given pest species may behave differently be-

tween crops. For example, the olive moth,

Prays oleae

(PRAYOL), has three generations: the phyllophagous

generation, developing on leaves, the anthophagous

generation, developing on flowers, and the carpoph-

agous generation developing on fruits. Similarities in

feeding behaviour may make extrapolation across a

range of pest groups appropriate, but the biology of

individual pests is still important.

•

Product

: Mode of action, timing, frequency, method

of application, activity (preventative or curative treat-

ment), systemic or non-systemic, formulation, dose

and extent of publicly available data.

•

Agronomic factors

: Growing conditions (field or pro-

tected) and cultivation techniques, growing systems,

soil type (particularly for soil treatments).

Appendix

(Figure

) presents a scheme to be fol-

lowed for insecticides or acaricides major use effective-

ness extrapolations.

2.4

Specific effectiveness extrapolations for

herbicides

Weeds may be major in one crop, and minor in another,

depending on their relative competitiveness with the

crop(s), time of emergence, germination and sea-

sonal life cycle. Extrapolation from ‘major’ to ‘minor’

situations is acceptable, but not vice versa. It is also

important to consider the likely weed spectrum within

the crop where extrapolation is sought. If this differs

significantly, further data may be required to support

the extrapolation.

Extrapolation from one weed species to other weed

species is generally not possible because of differences

in sensitivity. However, if effectiveness of a plant protec-

tion product has been adequately demonstrated against

a major weed species or a range of weed species from a

particular plant genus, it may be possible in some cases

to extrapolate.

When considering the acceptability of an extrapola-

tion, account should be taken of timing of weed control,

times of sowing/planting of the crop, competitiveness

of the crop, time of harvesting. If other conditions de-

scribed in this Standard that permit extrapolation apply,

and if the new crop is as competitive as (or more com-

petitive than) the crop(s) where weed control data al-

ready exists, extrapolation is possible. If the new crop

is less competitive than the crop(s) where weed control

data already exists, some confirmatory evidence may be

required.

Extrapolation may be possible for the control of a

particular weed species outdoors to the same species

under protected conditions, since conditions are less

variable and weed species under protection tend to be

more sensitive. However, effectiveness under protected

conditions cannot be extrapolated to outdoor use as