In all cases, unintended effects to the crop should be accu-
rately described (stunting, chlorosis, deformation, delay in
emergence, etc.). For further details see EPPO Standard PP 1/
135
Phytotoxicity assessment
, which contains sections on
individual crops and specific EPPO Standards in series PP 1.
The assessment relates to damage due to both the test
product and to other influences. The latter are determined
in the untreated plot. It is important to consider the possible
interaction between phytotoxicity and stress factors (dam-
age due to cultural operations, lodging, attacks of pests,
prolonged heat or cold, etc.).
3.3.2.2 Time
and
frequency.
As
a
guide,
the
following
observation times may be chosen. In the case of successive
applications it is necessary to make an assessment before
each application. An assessment before the first application
is only needed if the biomass of the crops shows clear
visual differences between individual plots.
(1) For pre-emergence application
1st assessment: during emergence (in order to be able to
assess any delay in emergence or thinning, preferably
determined by counting the plants).
2nd assessment: at the end of emergence.
3rd assessment: at the 2
–
3 leaf stage.
(2) For post-emergence application
1st assessment: at application of the test product to
make sure that the crop shows no abnormal symptoms
before beginning the trial.
2nd assessment: 1
–
2 weeks after application. Numbers
of crop plants present should be estimated.
3rd assessment: 3
–
4 weeks after application.
Further phytotoxicity assessments should be made during
the life of the crop.
3.4
Quantitative and qualitative recording of yield
Where trials are harvested, the method of recording yield or
components of yield should be appropriate to the test crop.
This is described for some crops in EPPO Standard PP 1/135
Phytotoxicity assessment
. See specific EPPO Standards in
series PP 1 if the test product is a herbicide or growth
regulator.
4 Results
The results should be reported in a systematic form and the
report should include an analysis and evaluation. Original
(raw) data should be available. Statistical analysis should
normally be done using appropriate methods which should
be indicated. If statistical analysis is not done this should
be justified. See also EPPO Standard PP 1/152
Design and
analysis of efficacy evaluation trials
.
References
OECD (2006a)
Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals
. Section 2: Effects
on Biotic Systems. Test No. 208: Terrestrial Plant Test: Seedling
Emergence and Seedling Growth Test. OECD, Paris (FR).
OECD (2006b)
Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals
. Section 2: Effects
on Biotic Systems. Test No. 227: Terrestrial Plant Test: Vegetative
Vigour Test. OECD, Paris (FR).
ISO 16119-2:2013Agricultural and forestry machinery
–
environmental
requirements
for
sprayers
–
Part
2:
Horizontal
boom
sprayers.
55706 (last accessed 28 June 2016).
ISO 22368-:2004 Crop protection equipment
–
test methods for the
evaluation
of
cleaning
systems
–
Part
1:
Internal
cleaning
of
complete
sprayers.
Available
at:
home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=34976.
Part
iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=34978.
home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=36321
(last
accessed 28/06/2016).
PP 1/292 (1) Cleaning pesticide application equipment (PAE)
–
efficacy aspects
375
ª
2016 OEPP/EPPO,
Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin
46
, 371–378