General Standards and specific EPPO Standards for efficacy
evaluation
of
plant
protection
products
(PP
1)
which
provide more detailed instructions on trials for individual
host
–
pest combinations.
Dose and volume of the tested and reference treatments
The mixture of the adjuvant and plant protection product
should normally be applied at the dosage specified for the
intended use. Doses higher or lower than the intended dose may
be tested to determine crop safety and the margin of effective-
ness(seeEPPOStandardPP1/225
Minimumeffectivedose
).
The following treatments should be included in field trials.
Effectiveness
Selectivity
Untreated
Yes
Yes
Adjuvant alone
Some trials, need
not include field trials
Yes some trials,
n
Plant protection
product alone
N
and lower
dose (e.g. 0.8N)
N
2
N
for herbicides
and PGRs
Plant protection
product
+
adjuvant
N
and lower
dose (e.g. 0.8N)
+
n
N
+
n
2
N
+
2
n
for
herbicides and PGRs
N
, plant protection product at recommended dose;
n
, adjuvant at
recommended dose; PGRs, Plant Growth Regulators.
In case of seed treatment or herbicides used in sensitive
crops (e.g. flax) 1.5N
+
1.5n can be used instead of 2N
+
2n.
It should be specified whether the double dose is applied
in two applications of the normal dose or in a single appli-
cation of the double dose.
Full details on doses and volumes are given in EPPO Stan-
dard PP 1/239
Dose expression for plant protection products
.
In summary, the dosage applied should normally be expressed
in kg (or L) of formulated product per ha and volume of water
per ha should also be recorded for sprays. It may also be useful
to record the dose in g of active substance per ha. In certain
circumstances, the dose may be expressed as a concentration
(e.g. % or g hL
À
1
), if possible combined with a volume (L
ha
À
1
) appropriate to specific use. It may be useful to record
information on water quality (e.g. pH, hardness) as some adju-
vant functions are related to properties of the spray mix.
Deviations from the intended dosage should be noted.
3.3
Mode of assessment, recording and measurement
This evaluation should be performed according to the EPPO
General Standards and specific EPPO Standards for the effi-
cacy evaluation of plant protection products (PP 1) which
provide more detailed instructions on trials for individual
host
–
pest combinations.
4 Results
This evaluation should be performed according to the EPPO
General Standards and specific EPPO Standards for the
efficacy
evaluation
of
plant
protection
products
(PP
1)
which
provide
more
detailed
instructions
on
trials
for
individual host
–
pest combinations.
References
CEB M
±
ethode G
±
en
±
erale N
°
MG08 Principes g
±
en
±
eraux d’exp
±
erimentation
des adjuvants
–
General principles for testing adjuvants. (C. Gauvrit,
G. Vincent 2006). Ed. AFPP-CEB.
CEB Documents Techniques N
°
DT 22 Recommandations concernant
l’exp
±
erimentation d’un adjuvant en vue de pr
±
eciser son domaine
d’utilisation. (L. Thibault, 2014). Ed. AFPP-CEB.
EC (2009) Regulation (EC) No 1107of the European Parliament and of
the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant
protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives
79/117/EEC
and
91/414/EEC.
Official
Journal
of
the
European
Union
L 309/1-50.
Appendix
– Preliminary testing methods for
identifying the function of the adjuvant
Functions
Preliminary testing methods (not
exhaustive)
1. Improving
retention/adhesion
Measurement of retention/adhesion of the
spray mix can be done in several ways:
active substance content, co-formulant
dosage or visually with the use of a
colouring agent (e.g. fluorescein)
2. Improving the spread on
the target surface
1. Assessment of target coverage by
deposit
2. Measurement of contact angle
3. Preserving/maintaining
the properties of the spray
mix (to avoid degradation
of the PPP)
Evolution of the physico-chemical
properties of the spray mix over time
(e.g. degradation of the active substance,
salt precipitation with pH change, UV
protection, pH correction, hardness of
the water, etc.)
4. Wash-off resistance
1. Wash-off bank test
2. Residual efficacy assessment (on
potatoes, in a vineyard) or other
recognized method
5. Improving the speed or
rate of penetration into
the target
1. Electronic microscopy
2. Chemical dosage, (HPLC or GC for
example, radiolabelled active substance
[
3
H,
14
C,
32
P (glyphosate),
35
S(-Dim
herbicides), etc.]
6. Improving the quality
of the spray mix
Physico-chemical methods: CIPAC
methods, e.g. MT 36, MT 47, MT 160,
MT 161, MT 174, MT 184, MT 183, etc.
7. Improving the quality
of application
1. Granulometry (droplet size
distribution), velocimetry by laser and/
or camera
2. Drift testing bank (wind tunnel)
3. ISO method no. 5682
PPP, plant protection product; HPLC, high-performance liquid
chromatography; GC, gas chromatography; CIPAC, Collaborative
International Pesticides Analytical Council.
370
Efficacy evaluation of plant protection products
ª
2016 OEPP/EPPO,
Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin
46
, 367–370